Louis Bachelier (ur. 11 marca 1870 roku, zm. 26 kwietnia 1946 roku) to francuski matematyk i ekonomista, uważany obecnie za pioniera współczesnej matematyki finansowej.
W swojej rozprawie doktorskiej napisanej w 1900 roku i zatytułowanej Théorie de la Spéculation Bachelier wyprowadził wzór na dystrybuantę procesu stochastycznego zwanego obecnie procesem Wienera. Matematyk William Feller pierwotnie nazywał ten proces procesem Bacheliera-Wienera. Pięć lat później wyprowadzenia tego wzoru niezależnie dokonał również Albert Einstein.
W swojej rozprawie doktorskiej wyprowadził również wzór na cenę opcji, gdy cena akcji zmienia się zgodnie z procesem Wienera oraz wzór na cenę opcji z barierą. Dokonał tego 73 lata przed opublikowaniem słynnego modelu i wzoru Blacka-Scholesa analizującego podobne zagadnienie przez Fischera Blacka i noblistę Myrona Scholesa.
Za życia osiągnięcia Bacheliera były w dużej mierze zapomniane i niedoceniane. W świetle gwałtownego rozwoju nowoczesnych rynków finansowych oraz narzędzi matematyki finansowej służących ich analizie, pionierskie prace Bacheliera współcześnie otrzymują należne im uznanie. Powstało międzynarodowe towarzystwo matematyki finansowej Bachelier Society upamiętniające jego nazwisko, a w setną rocznicę obrony jego pracy doktorskiej zorganizowano poświęcony mu specjalny kongres w Paryżu w 2000 roku.
Théorie de la spéculation - francuski
Bachelier Finance Society
Rys biograficzny
"Któż mógłby pomyśleć w 1900, że po 50 latach będziemy wiedzieli o tyle więcej i rozumieli o tyle mniej"
Bachelier jako pierwszy przedstawił model ruchu cen na giełdzie w postaci procesu stochastycznego (losowego) opartego o ruch Browna - model błądzenia losowego. Był to model najprostszego (jednowymiarowego) ruch Browna czyli po prostej w górę lub w dół (wzrost lub spadek ceny).
Hipoteza błądzenia losowego na forexie
Ocena pracy Bacheliera
Report on the Thesis of M. Bachelier, March 29, 1900
The subject chosen by M.Bachelier is somewhat removed from those which are normally dealt with by our applicants.His thesis is entitled "Theory of Speculation" and focuses on the application of Probability Theory to the Stock Exchange.First, one might fear that the author has exaggerated the applicability of Probability Theory as has often been done. Fortunately, this is not the case; in his introduction and in the section entitled "Probability in Stock Exchange Operations" he strives to set limits within which one can legitimately apply this type of calculation.He does not exaggerate the range of his results and I do not think that he is deceived by his formulas.
What can one then legitimately conclude in such a field? It is clear, first, that the market prices of various types of operations have to obey certain laws.Thus one could imagine combinations of prices such that one can win with certainty; the author cites some examples of this.It is evident that such combinations will never occur, or if they do, they will not persist.The buyer believes in a probable rise, otherwise he would not buy, but if he buys, it is because someone sells to him, and this seller obviously believes in a probable decline.From this results that the market, considered as a whole, takes the mathematical expectation of all operations and of all combinations of operations to be zero.
What are the mathematical consequences of such a principle? If one supposes that the deviations are not very large, one may assume that the probability of a deviation from the quoted price does not depend on the absolute value of this price.Under these conditions the principle of mathematical expectation suffices to determine the probability law; one obtains Gauss's celebrated law of errors.
As this law has been the object of numerous demonstrations which, for the most part, are logically incorrect, one should be cautious and examine closely this proof, or at least it is necessary to state in a precise manner the hypotheses made.Here the hypothesis which must be made is, as I have just said, that the probability of a deviation from the current market price is independent of the absolute value of this price.The hypothesis holds provided that the deviations are not too large.The author states this clearly, without perhaps, emphasizing it as much as he ought to.It is enough, nevertheless, that he has stated it explicitly so that his reasoning is correct.
The manner in which M.Bachelier deduces Gauss's law is very original, and all the more interesting in that his reasoning can be extended with a few changes to the theory of errors.He derives it in a chapter whose title may at first seem strange, for he calls it "Radiation of Probability". In fact, the author makes a comparison with the analytic theory of heat flow.A bit of thought shows that the analogy is real and the comparison is legitimate.The reasoning of Fourier, almost without change, is applicable to this problem so different from the one for which it was originally created.It is regrettable that M.Bachelier did not develop this part of his thesis further.He could have entered into the details of Fourier's analysis.He did, however, say enough about it to justify Gauss's law and to foresee cases where it would no longer hold.
Once Gauss's law is established, one can easily deduce certain consequences suscep-tible to experimental verification.Such an example is the relation between the value of an option and the deviation from the underlying.One should not expect a very exact verification.The principle of the mathematical expectation holds in the sense that, if it were violated, there would always be people who would act so as to re-establish it and they would eventually notice this.But they would only notice it if the deviations were considerable.The verification, then, can only be gross.The author of the thesis gives statistics where this happens in a very satisfactory manner.
M.Bachelier then examines a problem that at first would seem to give rise to some very complicated calculations.What is the probability that a certain market price be attained before a certain date? In writing the equation of the problem, one is led to a multiple integral in which there are as many signs superimposed as there are days before the date fixed.This equation seems at first intractable.The author solves it by a short, simple and elegant argument; moreover he remarks on the analogy with M.Andr´e's reasoning on the ballot problem.But this analogy is not strict enough to diminish in any way the originality of this ingenious artifice.The author uses it with equal success for other similar problems.
Tłumaczenie z francuskiego: Selime Baftiri-Balazoski i Ulrich Haussmann.In summary, we are of the opinion that there is reason to authorize M.Bachelier to have his thesis printed and to submit it.
Appell Poincar´e J.Boussinesq
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